구동사
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| come up against [sb/sth] vi phrasal + prep | (encounter: opposition, obstacle) | ~와 마주치다, ~와 맞딱드리다, ~와 만나다 |
| | The work is behind schedule because we came up against some unexpected problems. |
| | 예상하지 못한 문제와 마주쳐서 일이 계획보다 늦어졌다. |
| come up against [sb] vi phrasal + prep | (compete with [sb]) | ~와 경쟁하다 조 + 동(자) |
| | Davies will come up against last year's champion in the semi-final of the competition. |
| demonstrate against [sth/sb] vtr phrasal insep | (protest publicly about) | ~에 대항하여 시위운동을 하다 |
| | Protesters are demonstrating against the government. |
| go against [sth/sb] vtr phrasal insep | (not comply with) | ~을 따르지 않다 |
| | If you go against his wishes, he will make things difficult for you. |
| go against [sth/sb] vtr phrasal insep | (be in opposition to) | ~에 반대하다, 저항하다 |
| | To go against the mob takes courage. |
| guard against [sth] vtr phrasal insep | (prevent) | 경계하다, 대비하다 |
| | Wear a sunhat to guard against sunburn. |
| hold [sth] against [sb] vtr phrasal insep | (resent [sb] for [sth]) | ~ 때문에 ~을 나쁘게 생각하다 |
| | | ~ 때문에 ~에게 원망을 품다 |
| | They still hold my past mistakes against me. |
| hold out against [sth/sb] vi phrasal + prep | (continue to resist) | ~을 거부하다, 거절하다 |
| | The remote mountain village held out against the foreign armies. |
| | I'm holding out against joining Facebook. |
| play against [sth/sb] vtr phrasal insep | (have as an opponent) | ~와 겨루다, 경쟁하다 조 + 동(자) |
| | Every time I play against Tom, he beats me in every game. |
| rise up against [sb/sth] vi phrasal + prep | figurative (revolt, protest) (반란, 저항) | ~에 들고일어나다 동 |
| | The oppressed people will rise up against their autocratic government. |
| run up against [sb/sth] vi phrasal + prep | (face: challenges) | ~에 직면하다 |
| | The explorers ran up against some serious problems when the weather suddenly worsened. |
| set [sb] against [sb/sth] vtr phrasal sep | (cause to oppose [sb] or [sth]) | ~가 ~에게 반감을 갖게 하다 |
| | Please don't set him against me by spreading rumors that I talk about him behind his back. |
| set [sth] against [sth] vtr phrasal sep | (contrast with) | ~을 ~와 대조하다 |
| | This amount of money looks very small if you set it against what we spend each year on marketing. |
set [sth] against [sth],
set [sth] off against [sth] vtr phrasal sep | (offset: cost, damages) | ~로 ~를 상쇄하다 |
| speak out against [sth/sb] vi phrasal + prep | (state one's opposition to) | ~에 대항하여 큰소리로 말하다 |
| | Many people speak out against domestic violence. |
| stand up against [sb/sth] vtr phrasal insep | figurative (oppose actively) | ~에 저항하다 조 + 동(자) |
| | We must stand up against racism. |
| stand up against [sth] vtr phrasal insep | (withstand: wear, stress) | ~에 버티다 조 + 동(자) |
| | Concrete construction is used in the tropics because it will stand up against hurricanes and insects. |
복합형태:
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| advise against [sth] vi + prep | (warn [sth] is unwise) | ~하지 말것을 충고하다 |
| | I'd advise against that course of action. |
| against all odds adv | (highly improbably) | 온갖 역경을 무릅쓰고 |
| | Julie fell out of the moving train. She survived against all odds. |
balance [sth] with [sth],
balance [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (offset) | ~와 ~의 균형을 이루다 동 |
| | Mindy balanced her long hours at work with a visit to the spa. |
| bear witness against [sb] v expr | (testify) | ~에게 불리하게 증언하다 |
| | A wife cannot be forced to bear witness against her husband. |
| benchmark [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (measure against a standard) | ~을 표준으로 삼다 동 |
| | The state's department of education benchmarks their salary scale against those of other government agencies. |
| bet against [sth] vi + prep | (wager against [sth]) (내기) | ~에 돈을 걸지 않다 |
| | Oscar lost his money because he bet against the winning horse. |
| bet against [sth] vi + prep | figurative (assume [sth] will fail) | ~을 아니라고 예측하다, ~을 아니라고 예견하다, ~을 아니라고 추측하다 |
| | I wouldn't bet against his getting the promotion. |
| bias against [sth/sb] n | (prejudice: against) | ~에 관한 편견, ~에 관한 선입견 명 |
| | The manager was fired because of his bias against women. |
| bias [sb] against [sb/sth] vtr + prep | (prejudice, influence [sb] against) | ~가 ~에 편견을 갖게 하다, ~가 ~에 선입견을 갖게 하다 |
| | The media may have biased people against voting for Taylor. |
bring [sth],
bring [sth] against [sb]⇒ vtr | (legal: put [sth] forward) (소송) | ~을 제기하다 |
| | She brought a lawsuit against her employer. |
| buck against [sth] vi + prep | figurative (reject, oppose) | ~에 반대하다 동 |
| | | ~에 저항하다 |
| | Congress bucked against the president's proposal. |
| campaign against [sth] vi + prep | (protest against [sth]) | ~에 항의하다, ~에 저항하다 조 + 동(자) |
| | The Abolitionists were campaigning against the slave trade. |
| caution against [sth] vi + prep | (warn against [sth]) | ~을 경고하다, ~에 주의를 주다 동 |
| | The doctor cautioned against eating too many sweets. |
| compete against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (sports, competition: try to beat) | ~와 경쟁하다 |
| | Edwards will be competing against some of the best athletes in the world. |
| contend against [sb] vi + prep | formal (oppose, esp. legally) | ~와 싸우다 조 + 동(자) |
| count against [sb] vi + prep | (be detrimental) | ~에게 불리해지다 |
| | His criminal record will count against him when he starts applying for jobs. |
| crusade against [sth] vi + prep | figurative (campaign against, oppose) (비유적) | ~에 반대하는 운동을 하다, ~에 반대하는 운동을 벌이다, ~에 반대하는 캠페인을 하다, ~에 반대하는 캠페인을 하다 |
| | She's always crusading against injustice, wherever she finds it. |
| | 그녀는 부당한 일을 발견할 때마다 그에 반대하는 운동을 한다. |
dash [sth] against [sth],
dash [sth] into [sth] vtr + prep | (throw [sth] against) | ~을 ~을 향해 내던지다 동 |
| | Janet dashed the plate against the wall. |
| dash against [sth] vi + prep | (strike) | ~을 세차게 치다 동 |
| | Waves dashed against the shore. |
| dead against [sb/sth] adj + prep | informal (totally opposed to) | 전적으로 반대인 |
| | I wanted to go to Art School, but my parents were dead against it. |
| decide against doing [sth] v expr | (choose not to) | ~하지 않기로 결심하다 동 |
| | I decided against going on holiday this year, since I had just lost my job. |
| | 나는 막 실직해서 올해 놀러 가지 않기로 결심했다. |
| declare against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (announce opposition to) | ~에 대한 반대를 주장하다 |
| discriminate against [sb] vi + prep | (show prejudice against) (선입견으로) | ~에 대해 차별하다 |
| | It is illegal to discriminate against someone because of his or her age. |
| fight against [sth] vi + prep | (contend) | ~에 맞서다 |
| | He fought against the new regulations. |
| guard against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (be cautious) | ~을 경계하다, ~을 주의하다 동 (자) |
| | The travel agent had warned Beth to guard against pickpockets when she traveled abroad. |
| indemnify [sb/sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (insure: against [sth]) | ~로부터 ~을 보장하다 |
| | This policy will indemnify you against all loss in case of fires, floods, or theft. |
| inveigh against [sth] vi + prep | formal (attack or criticize [sb] verbally) | ~을 맹비난하다 동(자) |
| | The priest inveighed against premarital sex. |
| lean against [sth] vi + prep | (for support) | ~에 기대다 |
| | He felt dizzy and had to lean against the wall for support. |
| lean [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (prop: [sth] up on [sth]) | ~에 ~을 기대다 |
| | The thief leaned his ladder against the wall of the house. |
| lean against [sth] vi + prep | (be propped against [sth]) | ~에 기대다 |
| | The board is leaning against the wall. |
| measure [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | figurative (compare) | ~을 ~와 비교하다 동 |
| | The new president's success would always be measured against his predecessor's. |
| measure against [sth] vi + prep | (compare) | ~와 비교되다 동 |
| | He tested his skill to see how he measures against the competition. |
| nestle against [sb/sth] vi + prep | (get cosy) | ~에 기대다 동(자) |
| | The baby bird nestled against his mother. |
| nestle [sth] against [sb/sth] vtr + prep | (body part: press closely) | ~에 ~을 기대다 동(타) |
| | Ben nestled his chin against his girlfriend's shoulder. |
| nuzzle⇒ vtr | (snuggle up) | ~에 코를 비비다 |
| | The little boy nuzzled against his mother's neck. |
| offend against [sth] vi + prep | (violate values, rules) | ~을 어기다, ~을 위반하다 동 |
| offset [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (counterbalance [sth] with [sth]) | ~을 ~로 상쇄하다, 보완하다 동 |
| | You can offset any loss you make in a year against your profits. |
| pit [sb/sth] against [sb/sth] vtr + prep | (set to compete or fight) | ~와 ~을 맞붙이다 동(타) |
| | This match pits the titleholder against a complete unknown. |
| pit your wits against [sb/sth] v expr | (compete using intellect) (지식으로) | ~와 대결하다 조 + 동(자) |
| pitted against [sb] adj + prep | (in competition with) | ~와 맞붙는, ~와 겨루는 형 |
| pitting [sb/sth] against [sb]/ [sth] n | (placing in opposition) | ~가 ~와 겨루게 하다 |
| prejudice against [sb/sth] n | (bias: hostility) | ~에 대한 선입견, 편견 명 |
| | We should distinguish between prejudice against people and active discrimination. |
| prejudice [sb] against [sb/sth] vtr + prep | (make hostile to) | ~이 ~에 대해 적대적이 되도록 이끌다, 유도하다 |
| | The influence of the extreme right wing has prejudiced the party's more moderate elements against ethnic minorities. |
| prejudice [sth] against [sb/sth] vtr + prep | (bias against) | ~이 ~에 대해 선입견이나 편견을 갖도록 이끌다, 유도하다 |
| | The negative reports have prejudiced public opinion against the actor. |
| prejudice [sth] against [sb] vtr + prep | (case: damage, harm) | ~에 대해 ~에게 편견을 갖게 하다 동(자) |
| | Media coverage is thought to have prejudiced the case against him. |
| | 언론 보도는 그 사건에 대해 그 사람에게 편견을 갖게 했다. |
| press charges against [sb] v expr | (accuse [sb] formally) | ~을 고발하다 동(타) |
| | The mining company pressed charges against the strikers. |
| proof against [sth] adj + prep | (protected) | ~로부터 보호된, ~로부터 안전한 |
| | It seems that nothing on the internet is proof against determined hackers. |
| prop [sth/sb] against [sth] vtr + prep | (lean for support) | ~을 ~에 기대다 동(타) |
| | Ursula propped the spade against the wall while she put the plant into the hole she had just dug. |
| | 우르술라는 방금 판 구덩이에 식물을 넣는 동안 삽을 벽에 기대어 놓았다. |
protest,
protest about [sth],
protest against [sth] vi + prep | (complain about) | 항의하다 동(자) |
| | | 이의를 제기하다 |
| | The staff protested about having to work on a public holiday. |
| | 직원들은 공휴일에 왜 일해야 하냐고 항의했다. |
| race against time n | (urgent task) | 서두르는 것, 급히 움직이는 것 명 |
| | We're in a race against time: the deadline's close of business today! |
| rage against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (be angry about) | ~에 대해 화내다, 분노하다 동 |
| | The villagers raged against the proposed new housing development. |
| rail against [sth] vi + prep | (criticize [sth] harshly) | ~을 격하게 비난하다 |
| | The residents railed against the plans for a new high-rise block of flats. |
| | 거주자들은 새로운 고층 아파트 구획 계획을 격하게 비난했다. |
| react against [sth] vi + prep | (respond negatively to [sth]) | ~에 대해 반항하다, 부정적으로 반응하다 동 |
| | Martha reacted against her parents' strict morals by becoming a rebel. |
redeem [sth] for [sth],
redeem [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (coupon: exchange for) (바우처, 기프티콘, 상품권 등) | ~을 ~로 바꾸다, 교환하다 동(타) |
| | Roberta redeemed a voucher for a bottle of wine at the supermarket. |
remonstrate about [sth],
remonstrate against [sth] vi + prep | (protest about) | ~에 대해 항의하다, ~에 대해 불평하다 |
| revolt against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (rebel, protest) | ~에 반발하다, ~에 들고일어나다 동 |
| | The students revolted against the school's new dress code. |
| rise against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (resist, protest against) | 반대하여 일어나다 |
| | The slaves plan to rise against their masters. |
secure [sth],
secure [sth] against [sth],
secure [sth] from [sth]⇒ vtr | (fasten) (밸트 등) | ~을 잘 매는, ~을 잘 조이는 형 |
| | Please secure your seatbelts before takeoff. |
| | 이륙전에 귀하의 좌석벨트를 매시기 바랍니다. |
set [sth] in [sth],
set [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | often passive (locate, place: story) (줄거리나 스토리의) | ~의 배경을 ~으로 하다 |
| | Helena set her story against the backdrop of the Second World War. |
| | The novel is set in 19th-century Paris. |
| slap against [sth] vi + prep | (hit with slapping noise) | ~을 찰싹 때리다, ~을 철썩 치다 동 |
| | The waves were slapping against the rocks. |
slap [sth] on [sth],
slap [sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (bring down sharply) | ~을 ~에 소리를 내며 내려놓다 동 |
| | The teacher slapped the book against the desk to get the class's attention. |
| stack [sth] against [sb] vtr + prep | figurative, often passive (weight [sth] unfairly) | ~을 ~에게 불리하게 조작하다 |
| | He realised sadly that the odds were stacked against him. |
| stand out against [sth/sb] v expr | (oppose publicly) | ~에 맞서다 조 + 동(자) |
| strain against [sth] vi + prep | (pull with force) | ~을 잡아당기다 동 |
| | The animal strained against the rope. |
take a stand against [sth/sb],
make a stand against [sth/sb] v expr | (maintain opinion against opposition) | ~에 맞서다 |
| | Are you going to take a stand against the government's crackdown on the press? |
| testify against [sb] vi + prep | (give evidence that incriminates) | ~가 유죄임을 증명하다 동 |
| | Even though she knew her husband was guilty, she was unwilling to testify against him in the trial. |
trade off [sth] for [sth],
trade off [sth] against [sth] v expr | figurative (sacrifice for [sth]) | ~와 ~을 바꾸다 |
| | (격식) | ~와 ~을 교환하다 |
| | The new speakers look stylish, but I would not trade off the sound for the appearance. |
| | 새로운 스피커가 멋지긴 하지만 난 외관과 소리를 바꾸지 않을 거야. |
| trespass against [sb/sth] vi + prep | Biblical, formal (sin, transgress) (성경, 격식) | 죄를 범하다 동(자) |
| | You have trespassed against the rules of the church. |
| turn against [sb] vi + prep | figurative (become hostile to) (관용구) | ~에게서 등을 돌리다 |
| | | ~와 등지다 |
| | The dog inexplicably turned against his owner and had to be put down. |
| turn [sb] against [sb] vtr + prep | (prejudice [sb] against [sb]) (관용구) | ~가 ~에게서 등을 돌리게 하다 |
| | | ~가 ~와 등지게 하다 |
| | The family turned her against me. |
| unite against [sth/sb] vi + prep | (join forces to oppose) | ~에 맞서 힘을 모으다, ~에 맞서 연합하다 동 |
| | All people should unite against the injustices of their government. |
| up against prep | (in competition with) | 부딪쳐, 직면하여 |
| | Tomorrow you'll be up against the toughest team in the league. |
| up against prep | (difficulty: confronted by) | 부딪쳐, 직면하여 |
| | We're up against some serious problems, but I think we can finish the job anyway. |
| vaccinate [sb/sth] against [sth] vtr + prep | (inoculate against disease) | ~에 ~ 예방 주사를 놓다 동 |
| | Parents need to vaccinate their children against the measles. |
| warn [sb] against [sth] vtr + prep | (caution) | ~에게 ~을 주의하게 하다 동 (타) |
| | He warned his son against that kind of behaviour. |
| | 그는 아들에게 그러한 행동을 주의하게 했다. |
| weigh [sth/sb] up against [sth/sb] v expr | (compare, contrast) | ~을 ~에 비교하다 동 |
| | Lucy weighed up the job she had been offered in New York against the one in Paris. |